F2 Signals reflecting off of the F2 Layer approximately 150 miles in the atmosphere. On 6 meters this can result in signals traveling 1800-2500 miles with multihop also possible.

Aurora The Aurora Borealis is an ionized field and when RF energy hits this field, it is reflected and can be received up to 1000 miles or more. Aurora activity is also tied to high sunspot activity.

Meteor Scatter As meteors pass through our atmosphere, they ionize the path they travel. During a shower of meteors they can provide contacts between 500 and 1300 miles for several seconds. 50 MHz is especially good for this kind of activity. The are several times during the year where the earth passes through a dense amount of fragments and some rather lengthy (up to 30 seconds) contacts can be made. The Perseids around August 12-13 are one of these times.

Ducting When a weather pattern particularly with sharp temperature change move through an area, many times VHF users will find that the distance ther signals will travel is extended some times by several hundred miles along the line of the front. This sometimes also occurs in the morning in Spring and Fall when there are wide vaiations in daytime and Night time temperatures.

Sporadic-E This relates to a layer of the ionosphere about 70 miles up that provides much of the long distance (400-1200 miles) propagation in the VHF region. This can also provide multihopto around 5000 miles on 6 meters and around 2000 miles on 2 meters.

EME Technically not propagation, EME (Earth-Moon-Earth) provides the Ham Radio operators with an opportunity for very long distance communications. EME makes use of the Moon as a passive reflector. Any two points on the earth that can visually seen the moon can communicate. Because of the path losses involved the twqo stations do have to have better than average stations and antennas.

Satellite Making use of orbiting satellites acting as repeaters and in some cases store and forward devices.